how do solar panels work

1. Sunlight hits the panel

Solar panels are made of many small units called solar cells (usually silicon). When sunlight (photons) hits these cells, it excites the electrons inside the silicon.

2. Electricity is created

Because of how the solar cells are built (with positive and negative layers), the excited electrons start moving in one direction. This flow of electrons is direct current (DC) electricity.

3. Conversion to usable power

Most homes and devices use alternating current (AC), not DC. So the electricity passes through an inverter, which converts DC into AC.

4. Powering your home

The AC electricity goes into your electrical panel (the same one connected to the grid). From there, it powers lights, appliances, and outlets just like normal.

5. Extra electricity

If your panels make more electricity than you use, the extra can often be sent back to the grid (and you might get credits on your bill – this is called net metering).
If you have batteries, the extra power can be stored for nighttime or cloudy days.